EDI reffers to the transmission and receipt of such common-place trading documentation as involves, purchase orders and credit notes.
EDI benefits
The general heading of IS can be broken down into six generic types-these are listed below;
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is a new type of application that includes powerful facilities to manage the enterprise as a whole.
ERP can also include models for the finance and human resources aspects of a business.
Excutive support systems (ESS) are a relatively new category of systems that support decision making by senior management. They serve the stategic level of the organisation.
Important :- ESS are oriented toward external events, although they do take summarised information from MIS and DSS.
Decision Support Systems(DSS) are devoted to supporting management decision that are semi-sturctured.
These systems draw on internal information from TPS and MIS. and they often bring in information from external sources.
Important:- DSS tend to be interactive, providing users with easy access to data and analytical models through user friendly interface.
At the management level, management infromation systems(MIS) provide managers with reports and online access to the organisations current performance and historical records.
The majority of the discussion so far has concentrated on systems that process information alone. It should not be forgotten that many organisations use computers-based systems to perfrom physical control function within business as well.
Office Automation Systems can be defined as any application of IT that intends ti increase the productivity of office workers.
A Transaction Processing systems (TPS) is a computarised systems that performs and records the daily routine trasaction necessary to the conduct of the business.
Examples include: sales order entry, hotel reservation systems.
A business must first formulate a business strategy for itself. It will then expand this into a competitive strategy depending on what industry sector it is operating in.
The developed nations of the world live in the information age. or as often referred to as the knowledge age. This high-tech world is populated by knowledge workers.
Computers are everywhere in the factory, in the shop, the office and the home. Developing countries are using the cheap technology to catapult themselves into the knowledge age and their knowledge workers can link over the electronic superhighways and provide service to any business in the world.
In the early of computing - during the 1950s and much of the 1960s managers generally did not need to know much about how information was processed in their organisations.
IS now play a strategic role in most business. They affect :
Systems :- a set of connected things that from a whole or work together.
The innovative quality of the advancing technology associated with telecommunication lies in the liberation of the individual from remaining in one physical location.
The global office has arrived for many workers and has bought with it whole different set of problems for users.
There is a real need to adjust managerial and workplace culture to take account of the individuals need for his or her privacy.
The study of the relationship between people and their working environment, including machinery, computer systems, etc.
The health and safety factors with the use of computer systems and communication equipment seem to multiply day by day. According to one set of recent research the risk of developing a brain tumor through using mobile telephones can be reduced by using hands-free accessories.
Organisation now have to make use of Telecommunications to survive. at one time only big corporations were multinational, but now companies can become great and global at the same time thanks to the new channels of communication and e-commerce.
Multiple Projects are usually being planned or actually happening at the same time in any organisation. Project management software allows staff to track and to plan these numerous projects. it works by breaking down a complicated project into subtasks. each with its own completion date and the required resources.
Office Scheduling Technology is the collective term for software packages which co-ordinate individual and group activities and appointments: in effect these are electronic calenders and diaries.
Stock control systems automatically adjust stock levels and take corrective action when the re-order level is reached.
Barcodes are used extensively in retail outlets at the point of sale and for a range of stock control applications.
where the ratailer is selling a service rather than goods, electronic booking and reservation systems work on a similar principle of instantly updating records thus ensuring availability is current and accurate.
When an order is received, the systems will check if the customers has an existing account. The stock file will be checked to see if the goods are in stock. if they are the invoice and despatch note are created and issued along with the goods.
Desktop publishing packages are more sophisticated forms word processors. text, image, graphs, tables & charts can be imported from other software packages and the pages made up on screen into very professional reports, notices or publicity material of a quality similar to that found in books and magazines.
Word Processing systems are the most common application of information technology to office work. This is because document production is one of the main functions of business. These software packages have improved dramatically the productivity of office workers, both cletrical and managerial, by automating the creation, editing and printing of letters and documents.
Computer Spreadsheet are computerised versions of an accountants financial modeling tools; columnar pad,pencil & calculator. A Spreadsheet is laid out like graph paper in a grid of rows & columns. The squares, or cells can be filled with numbers, formulate or labels. The great advantages of computerised Spreadsheets is that they allow modelling and are ideal for forecasting and budgeting. 
Internal information can take many froms. it may be verbal, written or electronic, and original from current or historical records.
A collection of data organised so that the information can be accessed and utilised by many different applications.
The benefits are;
Application software is a category of software which handles the processing for a particulars task.
Business communication is generally a matter of information handling and processing. Advances in the use of computer and telecommunications technology have had a impact on the way in which information in collected,
The major benefits of gathering and presenting information in this way are:-
A leader joins in a group discussion with a list of issues from which solutions-actions, a timescale and actions on individuals are the result.
Groups come together to throw ideas into the arena on any particulars issue or topic. It does not matter whether these ideas are workable or completely bizarre, they are all given consideration.
People with shared aims coming together to achieve those aims. This involves division of labour, management of resources and external, as well as internel, communication.
This takes place in the form of propaganda- for example, in wartime, in polotics, it also happens when people are unfairly in their use of details from a particular set of information, so that they can sensationlise by emphasising certain parts of the information.
When composing a message:-
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It contains admission, scholarships, foreign study, student visa, short courses, certificate courses, workshop, seminar, competition, career development, sex education, tuition, ladies hostel, institution info, research paper, business article, health, life style, friendship, love & romance, jokes & funny picture, free music and useful link.
GOOGLE ADD 26 THEME ON g-mail. NOW USER CAN CHANGE THEME AS THEY LIKE.
TO CHANGE THEME GO TO SETTING THEN CLICK THEME & CHANGE YOUR THEME.
IF YOU DONT WANT TO USE ANY THEME THEN CLICK CLASSIC.
RUN WINDOWS APPLICATION ON LINUX
DOWNLOAD WINE THEN INSTALL IT LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM. RUN PROGRAM & THEN INSTALL WINDOWS APPLICATION ON LINUX.
FIRST OPEN IE THEN GO TO
IF YOU HAVE MANY ID, LIKE YAHOO,MSN,GOOGLE, & OTHERS. IF YOU USE MESSENGER
ITS VERY DISTRUB TO LOG IN ALL MESSENGER TO CHAT.
BUT THERE IS A SOLUTION FOR YOU...... USE MEEBO FOR EASY.
DOWNLOAD MEEBO THEN INSTALL THEN OPEN TYPE ALL YOUR ID & PASSWORD THEN LOG IN.
VERY EASY TO USE MEEBO.
FIRST GO TO c:/windows/system32 & OPEN oeminfo.ini FILE.
TYPE THIS INFORMATION.....
[GENERAL]
Manufacture= type your name as u like.
Model= type as u like.
[Support Information]
Line 1 = type what u like.
Line 2 = type what u like.
Line 3 = type what u like.
Line 4 = type what u like.
Line 5 = type what u like.
Line 6 = type what u like.
WHEN YOU CHANGE YOUR ALL INFORMATION THEN SAVE & QUITE.
FIRST DOWNLOAD THIS SOFTWARE FROM http://www.gmail-backup.com/ THEN
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START THIS SOFTWARE THEN TYPE YOUR GMAIL USERNAME & PASSWORD & LOCATE WHERE THIS BACKUP STORE.
THEN CLICK BACKUP BUTTON IF YOU CHECK THE NEWEST EMAILS ONLY THEN IT WILL DOWNLOAD NEW MAIL.
THANK YOU.
U.S. Department of State
Bureau of Consular Affairs
Electronic Diversity Visa Lottery
Half-duplex Ethernet is defined in the original 802.3 Ehternet; cisco says it uses only one wire pair with a digital signal running in both direction on the wire.
Half-duplex Ethernet-typically 10 BaseT- is only about 30 to 40 percent efficient as cisco sees it because a large 10 Base T network will usually only give you 3 to 4 Mbps at most.
Full Duplex Ehternet is supposed to offer 100 percent efficiency in both directions.
Full-duplex Ethernet can be used in three situtions:-
Ethernet is a connection media access method that allows all hosts on a network to share the same bandwith of a link. Ethernet networking uses carrier sense multiple access with collision detection(CSMA/CD) a protocol that helps devices share the bandwith evenly without having two devices transmit at the same time on the network medium.
One of the greatest functions of the OSI(Open Systems Interconnection) Specifications is to assist in data transfer between disparent hosts.
The OSI isnt't a physical model, though. Rather, its a set of guidlines that application developers can use to creat and implement application that run on a network.
The OSI have seven different layers, divided into two groups. The top three layers define how the application within the end stations will communicate with each other and with users.
The bottom four layers define how data is transmitted end to end.
The upper layers:-
Large proportions of the internal development projects undertaken by business utilities a database management systems. This makes a lot of sense, since tools such as this greatly reduce the time required to implement a large-scale system. Usually a business will select a preffered DBMS and use this for the majority of its systems, including those that are bought is as packages.
A System Analyst is responsible for defining what a system is required to do in order to meet the needs of the business. This role usually requires the analyst to work with potential users and their business managers to elicit and record requirements in the from of a specification that the rest of the team can work with in order to produce the desired system.
In many medium sized and larger companies a pool of specialists will undertake all the internal systems development work.
The development function will usually be headed up by a development manager who is responsible for the deployment of all development resources.
This group is responsible for maintaining the hardware and systems software used by the business. They install new hardware, both locally and at any branch offices. They install and maintain systems software such as operating systems, database management systems and software tools.
user support or IT support is concerned with ensuring that systems continue to deliver effective functionality for user departments. The user support manager will usually be responsible for a help desk, which is a focal point for the reporting of all user-oriented problems.
Operations management is concerned with the use of hardware, software, and personnel resources in the data centre of an organisation. Operational activities that may be involved include data entry, equipment operation, and support. This is a role that can be seen in some very large organisations where IS is still data centre.
An information systems manager or director takes responsibility for the delivery of all information services to the business. He/She will take the lead in defining an information systems strategy for the business so that it can gain a competitive advantage from the most appropriate system.
QUESTION 1
Which of the following terms is a method of team development designed to assist the decision making process?
QUESTION 2
What does the acronym ISBN represent?
Which one of the following might be a barrier to communication?
The informal code of conduct or set of rules that email users are encouraged to follow when sending messages on the Internet is known as which of the following?
Without communication survival would be difficult, if not impossible. The primitive message a baby transmits when crying is enough to alert the receiver to attempt to decode the message. This would be done by attemts to discover whether the cry being made owing to perhaps pain.
Advantages of written communication.
Two of the dictionary defination of communication are "connecting" and 'evoking understanding'. If we about "connecting" with someone, we take this to mean that we are on the same wavelenght as the other person that there is mutual understanding.
The transfer of information, ideas and emotion between individuals, between groups or between individuals and groups.
As you learned computers on a peer-to-peer network can take both a client and a server role. In a peer-to-peer network, every user must also act as a network administrator. That is each individual users controls access to the resources that reside on his or her machine.
Some experts argue that the real reason that networks exist is to deliver services to users, where services primarily reside on separate machines, or servers. The terms "Services" or "Network services" are about as generic as they can be,Thus you may hear that NOS's deliver file and print services, and the protocols deliver file-sharing, e-mail, and all kinds of other capabilities. In keeping with the client/server model for networking, network servers stand ready to deliver network services to those network users who request them.
In many network environments, computers invoke a layer of code, sometimes called a network operating system(NOS), that controls which computers and users may access network resources.
Once connected to a network through a NIC , a computer also must be able to use that connection. That is for two computers on a network to communicate with one another successfully, they must share a common set of rules about how to communicate.
At a minimum, such rules must include how to interpret signals, how to identify "one self " and other computers on a network, how to initiate and end networked communications, and how to manage information exchange across the network medium. Such collections of agreed-upon rules are network protocols, or more simply, protocols.
Protocols are:- TCP/IP, NetBEUI & IPX/SPX or NWLink.
To communicate successfully, computers must share access to a common network medium. For most networks, the medium takes the form of a physical cable that interconects the machines it services.
Computer must attach to the network medium using some kind of physical interface, for PC's this is usually a network interface card.
A server is a computer that shares its resources across the network and a client is one that access shared resources.
Another way to understand this relationship is to visualize information interchange best described as request-response.That is a, client request information and a server response to such a request by providing the request information depicts this relationship, called the client/server relationship.
A small network, limited to a single collection of machines and one or more cables and other peripheral equipment, may be called a local area network (LAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN) can grow distances measured in miles and links together two or more separate LAN's. These LAN's may be in locations just down the road from one another or at opposite ends of the planet.
The most elementary of all networks consists of two computers that are connected to each other using some kind of wire or cable to transmit data from one machine to the other. No matter how many computers may be interlinked, or what kinds of connections may be in use.
Networking involves connecting computers for the purpose of sharing information and resources.
At first glance, even the simplest java program involves a fair amount of confusing syntax. Consider the following simple program. This program is written on seven lines, and its only task is to print "First Java Program" on the screen.
public class First
{
public static void main(string[]args)
{
system.out.println("First java program")
}
}
The statement that does the actual work in this program is system.out.println("First java program") ;
You can write two kinds of programs using java. Programs that are embedded in a web page are called java applets. Stand-alone programs are called java application.
A Computer program is simply a set of instruction that you write to tell a computer what to do.
As Linux has become more popular, several different development streams or distributors have emerged, e.g.Redhat, slackware, Mandrake, Debian, and Cladera. A distribution compries a prepackaged kernel, system utilities, GUI interface and application programs.
Redhat is the most popular distribution because it has been ported to a large number of hardware platfroms, it is easy to use install and it comes with a comprehensive set of utilities and applications including the X windows graphics system, GNOME and KDE GUI environments, and the staroffice suite.
The open source nature of linux means that the source code for the linux kernel is freely available so that anyone can ad features and correct deficiencies.This approach has been very successful and what started as one persons project has now turned into a collaboration of hundreds of volunteer developers from around the globe. The open source approach has not just successfully been applied to kernel code, but also to application programs for linux.
UNIX has been a popular OS for more then two decades because of its multi-user, multi-tasking environment,Stability, Portability and powerful networking capabilities.What follows here is a simplified history of how UNIX has develop.
An operating operating system is a resource manager. It takes the form of a set of software
Routines that allow users and application programs to access system resources in a safe,efficient and abstract way.
Information Systems:- A computer-based service, frequently a network system that provides information to users that may be operated by an organisation for its own benefit or offered to the public on a subscription basis.
Information Technology:The processing, storage, manipulation and distribution of information made possible by the convergence of the technologies of computing, microelectronics and telecommunication.
Software Package: A group of pre-written, fully tested and documented functional programs that one can buy for use on a computer to carry out application tasks. e.g. payroll, sales order processing.
Application Software: A specialised program or a series of programs that is a software package with associated documention, which performs a particular function, a specific task or job to meet a specific user need, e.g. company payroll,stock control syste, sales analysis reports.
Networks and networking have grown exponentially over the last 15 years. They've had to evolve at light speed just to keep up with huge increase in basic mission critical users needs such as sharing data and printers as well as more advanced demands such as videoconferencing.
You can get a picture of a basic LAN network that's connected together using a hub. This network is actually one collision domain and one broadcast domain.
The way to become a CCNA is to pass one little test(CCNA composite exam 640-802). Then-proof- you are a CCNA.(Dont you wish it were that easy?)
However, Cisco has a two-step process that you can take in order to become a CCNA that may or may not be easier than taking one longer exam.
The two-step method involves passing the following:
To meet the CCNA certification skill level, you must be able to understand or do the following:
Cisco, not unlike Microsoft and Novell (Linux), has created the certification process to give administrations a set of skills and to equip prospective employers with a way to measure skills or match certain criteria.
The CCNA program was created to provide a solid introduction not only to the Cisco internetwork Oparating system(IOS) and Cisco hardware, but also to internetwork in general, making helpful to you in areas that are not exclusively Cisco's.
The CCNA certification was the first in the new line of Cisco certification and was the pre-cursor to all current Cisco certification. Now you can become a Cisco Certified Network Associate for the coast of one test $150 & two test $125 each although the CCNA exams are extremely hard and cover a lot of material, so you have to really know your stuff.
Cisco is the king of routing,switching,and security, the microsoft of the internetworking world.The Cisco certifications reach beyond the popular certifications, such as the MCSE, to provide you with an indispensable factor in understanding todays network-insight into the Cisco world of internetworking. By deciding that you want to become Cisco certified.
Velotec is a medium sized manufacturing and retail services company, established twenty-five years ago. It has three main lines business.
PIN DIRECTION USED FOR REFERRED TO AS
1 Bidirectional Carrying key data DATA
2 Not Connected
3 Through Ground GND
4 Computer to keyboard Carrying +5 volts of
or mouse direct current VCC
5 Computer to keyboard
or mouse Clocking CLK
6 Not Connected
Definition:
A PS/2 interface is how PS/2 devices are connected to the computer. The interface is composed of a PS/2 port on the computer, a device and a cable to connect the two together. PS/2 port are ports that are used to connect the keyboard and mouse to the computer. PS/2 ports are also referred to as a mini-DIN port. They are 6-pin round ports that are built in to the system. If ports are color coded, the keyboard port is purple and the mouse port is green.
PS/2 stands for personal system 2 which was an IBM computer.
Plug and play (also written as PnP) is a standard that enables a PnP-compatible computer and a PnP-compatible operating system to work together to automatically configure setting when PnP-compatible hardware is connected to the system.
When you install hardware, this is a way high-level overview of what happens:
To adjust the video setting for a monitor:
To install a monitor:
Characteristic Description
Dot pitch: The distance between the same color dots on the screen.The
Closer the dots are together, the smoother the image will be and
The finer the detail that can be shown.
Resolution: The maximum number of pixel on a monitor.
Refresh rate: The number of times per second that the entire monitor is
Scanned.
Color depth: The number of bits used to store the color of a pixel
Determines how many colors can be displayed.
Font: Changing to another font requires that the fonts be installed
On the system and the system to be restarted before they
Can be used.
Setting Description
Brightness If the brightness is set too high, you might get an "auro"
Effect displayed on the screen. if it is set too low, you might
Not see anything on the screen.
Contrast If the contrast is not set correctly for the monitor and the
Lighting conditions in the room you might not be able to see
Anything on the screen.
Image position This is the location of the display in relation to the physical
Monitor sometimes the image is not centered on the monitor.
Distortions If lines dont appear straight on the monitor, you might need
To adjust settings.
Definition:
A port is a hardware connection interface on a computer system that enables devices to be connected to the system. All ports:
Definition:-
A Video output device is a computer peripheral that users to view information
On a computer system. Similarities between video output devices include:
Define Peripherals as any device connected externally to the system case.
Example:- Monitor,Keyboard,Printer, Scanner, and any other device you can connect to one of the system connectors.
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